The damage layer of a W (100) crystal irradiated with 120 eV hydrogen ions at a fluence of up to 1.5 × 10(25)/m(2) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM). The periodic surface degeneration of the W crystal at a surface temperature of 373 K was formed at increasing hydrogen fluence. Observations by CCD camera and CAFM indicate the existence...

The propagation of light in tissue may be calculated by exact transport theory, or the approximate diffusion theory, provided the optical properties are known at the source wavelength. Optical properties for the exact methods are the absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and angular distribution of scattering. Appropriate properties for diffusion theory are the diffusion length and di...

Benzyl-substituted benzylpyridinium (BP) chloride salts were used as a source of thermometer ions to probe the internal energy (IE) transfer in desorption/ionization on porous silicon (DIOS). To modify their wetting properties and the interaction energies with the thermometer ions, the DIOS surfaces were silylated to produce trimethylsilyl- (TMS), amine- (NH2), perfluoroalkyl- (PFA), and perflu...

Carbon ions generated by ablation of a carbon target using an Nd:YAG laser pulse (wavelength λ = 1064 nm, pulse width τ = 7 ns, and laser fluence of 10-110 J cm-2) are characterized. Time-of-flight analyzer, a three-mesh retarding field analyzer, and an electrostatic ion energy analyzer are used to study the charge and energy of carbon ions generated by laser ablation. The dependencies of the i...

The applicability of the activation of an NaI scintillator for neutron monitoring at a clinical linac was investigated experimentally. Thermal neutron fluence rates are derived by measurement of the I-128 activity generated in an NaI scintillator irradiated by neutrons; β-rays from I-128 are detected efficiently by the NaI scintillator. In order to verify the validity of this method for neutron...

Optical nonlinearity and dynamic response of a novel inorganic metal cluster (m3-MoSe4)Ag3(PPh3)3Cl were studied. Large optical limiting effect was observed with the inorganic metal cluster (m3-MoSe4)Ag3(PPh3)3Cl dissolved in CH2Cl2. We also proved that nonlinear scattering contributes much to its optical limiting performance, which counts for nearly 75% of the total nonlinear energy loss used....

BACKGROUND Radiofrequency-generating energy devices have been used clinically in musculoskeletal procedures to provide hemostasis and capsular shrinkage (thermal capsulorrhaphy). However, the dose-effects are not well known. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We therefore determined dosage effects of radiofrequency energy on bone, skin incisions, and joint capsule in sheep. METHODS Five mature sheep had si...

A bright high harmonic source is presented delivering up to 10 photons per second around a central photon energy of 120 eV. Fully phase matched harmonics are generated in an elongated capillary reaching a cut-off energy of 160 eV. The high HHG photon fluence opens new perspectives towards seeding free electron lasers at shorter wavelengths than the state of the art. Characterization of the phas...

To study the effects of laser fluence (laser energy density), scanning line spacing and ablation depth on the efficiency of a femtosecond laser for three-dimensional ablation of enamel and dentin. A diode-pumped, thin-disk femtosecond laser (wavelength 1025 nm, pulse width 400 fs) was used for the ablation of enamel and dentin. The laser spot was guided in a series of overlapping parallel lines...

Gamma-ray bursts are believed to be some catastrophic event in which material is ejected at a relativistic velocity, and internal collisions within this ejecta produce the observed γ-ray flash. The angular size of a causally connected region within a relativistic flow is of the order the angular width of the relativistic beaming, γ. Thus, different observers along different lines of sights coul...