The first excited singlet state (S(1)) of carotenoids (also termed 2A(g)(-)) plays a key role in photosynthetic excitation energy transfer due to its close proximity to the S(1) (Q(y)) level of chlorophylls. The determination of carotenoid 2A(g)(-) energies by optical techniques is difficult; transitions from the ground state (S(0), 1A(g)(-)) to the 2A(g)(-) state are forbidden ("optically dark...

Given two probability measures μ and ν we consider a mass transportation mapping T satisfying 1) T sends μ to ν, 2) T has the form T = φ ∇φ |∇φ| , where φ is a function with convex sublevel sets. We prove a change of variables formula for T . We also establish some a priori estimates for T , and a new form of the parabolic maximum principle. In addition, we discuss relations to the Monge–Kantor...

Using forced radio-frequency evaporation, we have cooled cesium atoms prepared in the sublevel F = -m(F) = 3 and confined in a magnetic trap. At the end of the evaporation ramp, the sample contains ~ 7000 atoms at 80 nK, corresponding to a phase space density 3 x 10(-2). A molecular dynamics approach, including the effect of gravity, gives a good account for the experimental data, assuming a sc...

We compare the perimeter measure with the Airault-Malliavin surface measure and we prove that all open convex subsets of abstract Wiener spaces have finite perimeter. By an explicit counter–example, we show that in general this is not true for compact convex domains.

The magnetic sublevel specific preparation of the uX Sg 1 ,v51,J51& state of molecular H2 using stimulated Raman pumping with circularly polarized light to saturate the Q01(1) transition is reported. The intensities of S branch rotational Raman scattering signals for the v50 and v51 states combined with their depolarization ratios measured as a function of pumping light polarization provide dir...

In this paper, through a similar simulation experiment, the roof rock breaking situation of horizontal sublevel caving method in extremely thick and steep inclined coal seam is studied, response characteristics mass under different dynamic load strength are analyzed. The mechanical mechanisms mining positions influence law surrounding from elastic deformation to impact failure revealed. study s...