Usage control is concerned with how data is used after access has been granted. Enforcement mechanisms have been implemented for distributed systems like web based social networks (WBSN) at various levels of abstraction. We extend data usage control to heterogeneous distributed systems by implementing a policy enforcement mechanism for a smart meter connected to a WBSN. The idea is to provide u...

Interconnection across administrative boundaries prompts the need for comprehensive policy enforcement (i.e., access control) with respect to inter-domain packet traac. Due to the nature of the communication services they provide, stub and transit domains require diierent mechanisms for policing inter-domain traac. This paper addresses the design of a policy enforcement mechanism geared speciic...

This paper presents a theory of runtime enforcement based on mechanism models called MRAs (Mandatory Results Automata). MRAs can monitor and transform security-relevant actions and their results. Because previous work could not model monitors transforming results, MRAs capture realistic behaviors outside the scope of previous models. MRAs also have a simple but realistic operational semantics t...

Runtime enforcement is a common mechanism for ensuring that program executions adhere to constraints specified by a security policy. It is based on two simple ideas: the enforcement mechanism should leave good executions without changes (transparency) and make sure that the bad ones got amended (soundness). From the theory side, a number of papers (Hamlen et al., Ligatti et al., Talhi et al.) p...

Although forty-nine states have balanced budget requirements, states still consistently face massive budgetary shortfalls. Many states face serious enforcement issues, leaving the states vulnerable to violations of their balanced budget requirements through budgetary manipulation and gimmicks. Although not easily resolved, these problems could be mitigated or settled entirely through the use of...

This paper analyses and discusses the “positive” issues of the overriding international financial reporting standards principle of “true and fair view” in connection with corporate governance mechanisms. The analysis is based on case study evidence. Empirical evidence from the Parmalat case with regards to the role of the information supply and demand side agents is analysed. This study provide...

When the quality of a good is at the discretion of the seller, how can buyers assure that the seller provides the mutually efficient level of quality? Contracts that provide a bonus to the seller if the quality is acceptable, or impose a penalty on the seller if quality is unacceptable, can in theory provide efficient incentives. But how are such contracts enforced? While the courts can be used...

Building energy codes are one of the most cost-effective tools to achieve energy efficiency in buildings. The key to realizing their full benefits is strong enforcement and compliance. Studies have shown that robust enforcement and a high compliance rate are critical to improve the energy performance of buildings and unlock deeper energy savings. However, few countries have mechanisms for measu...

the history of legislations and statutory law securities markets in iran represents a scattered and haphazard adoption for other jurisdictions without a proper attention to the theoretical foundations of foreign laws. this has led to incompetent and alien laws to the indigenous conditions. as such a theoretical investigation of the foundations and policies behind such laws is inevitable. as far...

based on the current approach, to ascertain and enforce the sanctions in law is one of the exclusive functions of governments. but the deeper examination reveals that many transactors prefer non-legal sanctions. at first glance, this self-enforcement mechanism seems to be contrary to legal fundamentals. therefore, these sanctions are contested in law. this article is an attempt to consider a ne...