one of the most controversial issues in international commercial arbitrations in the last two decades is enforcement of arbitral awards which have been annulled in their country/ies of issuance or in broader word in their country/ies of origin. two contradictory opinions on the matter are based on two different approaches on territorial or extraterritorial effect of nullification of arbitral aw...

BACKGROUND On January 1, 2000, Texas began enforcement of a law that requires physicians to notify a parent of a minor child seeking an abortion at least 48 hours before the procedure. METHODS We assessed changes in the rates in Texas of abortions and births (events per 1000 age-specific population) before enforcement of the parental notification law (1998 to 1999) and after enforcement (2000...

We present two methodologies that adapt the event study from research in finance and economics to study the impact of enforcement on information security attacks. One uses linear regression with the number of attacks as the dependent variable and indicators of enforcement events as independent variables. The other measures the impact of enforcement by the difference between the actual and predi...

Young children enforce social norms from early on, but little research has examined how this enforcement behaviour emerges. This study investigated whether observing an adult's norm enforcement influences children's own enforcement of that norm compared with observing an action demonstration without enforcement. Additionally, children experienced enforcement either following their own (second-p...

This paper examines how enforcement affects the structure and performance of emissions trading programs with price controls under uncertainty about firms’ abatement costs. The analysis highlights how an enforcement strategy can cause abatement-cost risk to be transmitted to enforcement costs via the price of permits. When this occurs, accommodating the effect of abatement-cost risk with an opti...

The Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy (PSBB), later changed to the Enforcement of Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM), prohibits people from gathering. on activities inside community have impacted social life, including law enforcement. Criminal enforcement must adhere Law Number 8 1981 concerning Procedure Code, which explicitly regulates stages criminal in Indonesia. All these share so...