the chick model is a useful research tool to investigate the development of the enteric nervous system (ens). recognition of appropriate markers for detection of chick enteric ganglia will allow better utilization of this model to study abnormalities of the ens. this study aimed to validate a set of antibodies for avian ens studies on wax sections. the specimens were taken from jejunum and colo...

BACKGROUND Reliable methods of labeling human enteric nervous system (ENS) stem cells for use in novel cell replacement therapies for enteric neuropathies are lacking. Here, we explore the possibility of using lentiviral vectors expressing fluorescent reporter genes to transduce, label, and trace mouse and human ENS stem cells following transplantation into mouse gut. METHODS Enteric nervous ...

During task executions, brain activity increases in executive networks (ENs) and decreases in default-mode networks (DMNs). Here, we examined whether these large-scale network dynamics can be influenced by unconscious cognitive information processing. Volunteers saw instructions (cues) to respond either ipsilaterally or contralaterally to a subsequent lateralized target. Unbeknownst to them, ea...

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for the absorption of nutrients, induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses, and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota. Key aspects of gastrointestinal physiology are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is composed of neurons and glial cells. The ENS is exposed to and interacts with the outer (microbiota, metabolites, and ...

A major challenge in developing an e-negotiation system (ENS) is that the context of negotiations such as negotiators’ characteristics, negotiation processes, negotiation rules, and social implication are different case-by-case. This context dependency makes it difficult to develop a general ENS applicable to wide variety of negotiation problems. In this paper, in order to mitigate the context ...

To clarify the role of Ret signaling components in enteric nervous system (ENS) development, we evaluated ENS anatomy and intestinal contractility in mice heterozygous for Ret, GFRalpha1 and Ret ligands. These analyses demonstrate that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin are important for different aspects of ENS development. Neurturin is essential for maintaining t...

Ret signaling is critical for formation of the enteric nervous system (ENS) because Ret activation promotes ENS precursor survival, proliferation, and migration and provides trophic support for mature enteric neurons. Although these roles are well established, we now provide evidence that increasing levels of the Ret ligand glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in mice causes alter...

Acquired or congenital disruption in enteric nervous system (ENS) development or function can lead to significant mechanical dysmotility. ENS restoration through cellular transplantation may provide a cure for enteric neuropathies. We have previously generated human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI) from human intestinal organoids (HIOs). However, HIO...

OBJECTIVES To detail empty nose syndrome (ENS), an iatrogenic disorder characterized by a patent airway but a subjective sense of poor nasal breathing, and to explore repair options for patients with ENS. DESIGN A case series of 8 patients with ENS detailing symptoms before and after submucosal implantation of acellular dermis. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENTS Subjects who were e...