In this chapter, we will consider several of the major statistical concepts used in behavioral genetics and then provide an overview of the major methods used to estimate them. First, we explain in English the six important concepts in quantitative behavioral genetics: (1) heritability, (2) environmentability, (3) genetic correlation, (4) environmental correlation, (5) gene-environment interact...

Selection bias is a common concern in epidemiologic studies, particularly case-control studies. Selection bias in the odds ratio occurs when participation depends jointly on exposure and disease status. General results for understanding when selection bias may affect studies involving gene-environment interactions have not yet been developed. In this paper, the authors show that the assessment ...

The use of a reference control panel in genome-wide association studies is an interesting solution to the problem of how to reduce costs. In such designs, data on relevant environmental factors are usually collected only in cases, making it more difficult to deal with potential gene-environment interactions when testing for genetic association. However, under certain circumstances, neglecting a...

Recent research has suggested that the social environment can moderate the expression of genetic influences on health and that genetic influences can shape an individual's sensitivity to the social environment. Evidence supports 4 major mechanisms: genes can influence an individual's response to environmental stress, genes may enhance an individual's sensitivity to both favorable and adverse en...

................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4 FLYNN EFFECT CAUSAL THEORIES ...................................................................................... 8 PSYCHOM...

Micro size craters were created by interaction of nanosecond laser beam with titanium target in liquid media. The dimension of crater i.e. depth and width is important in some applications such as micromachining. When the interaction occurs in liquid environment, the ablated materials from the target expand into the liquid. The ablated material can affect the interaction process if the ablated ...

This paper develops a model for precisely defining how an agent interacts with objects in its environment through the use of its capabilities. Capabilities are recursively defined in terms of lower-level capabilities and actions, which represent atomic interactions with the environment. Actions are used to represent both sensors and effectors. The paper shows how the model can be used to repres...