background: the iranian healthcare system is primarily an insurance based system. this structure has an important influence on the efficiency and equity of the provision of healthcare in iran. this paper reviews the history of the iranian healthcare system and the impact of the iranian health insurance system on healthcare performance based on the results of interviews with key opinion leaders ...

We study the connection between property rights and Pareto e¢ciency in a competitive market for emission permits when the level of emissions a¤ects utility. Of the in...nitely many ways of distributing a given total of permits between a ...xed number of parties, only a ...nite number can lead to Pareto e¢ciency. We can therefore evaluate alternative distributions of property rights on the use o...

Abstract- In this research, the performance measures of water equity and productivity have been optimizedin the entire DoroodzanIrrigation Network by using genetic algorithms. Results indicated thatirrigation water management improvement at field scale[increasing irrigation application efficiency (Ea) and water reduction fraction (WRF)] has much more impressive impact on raising the performance...

BACKGROUND The trade-off that society is willing to make to promote a more equitable distribution of health can be represented as a social welfare function (SWF). SWFs are an economic construct that can be used to illustrate concerns for total health with aversion to inequalities between socioeconomic groups. OBJECTIVE This study used people's preferences to estimate the shapes of health-rela...

Devolution has become a cornerstone of modern public-service management and this tendency is confirmed by several reforms carried out during the 1990s, namely in Europe, in the health sector. In this context, resource allocation decisions depend on multiple budget holders. Our objective is therefore to discuss possible consequences of relaxing the hypothesis of a single budget, which has been w...

this paper explores the capabilities of multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithmin a simulation-optimization model for solving waste load allocation problems. the main goals are totaltreatment costs, violation of the water quality standards and equity. in this research, the water qualitysimulation model is coupled with a multi-objective optimization model, mopso. in order to derive...