In this paper an outline is given of an approach to formally reasoning about importation , parameterisation and instantiation of speciications written in a modular extension of the Z language (called Sum). Interpretation and instantiation of theories in rst order logic are well understood. We illustrate how to use these results directly to provide a framework within which we can soundly and eec...

The re nement calculus provides a method for transforming speci cations to executable code, maintaining the correctness of the code with respect to its speci cation. In the original re nement calculus, the target language is an imperative programming language, but more recently a re nement calculus for deriving logic programs has been proposed. Due to the amount of detail involved, the manual r...

Christina and David Romers’ reply to our article ‘Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Once More’ misses the point. Our argument was never that monetary policy did not matter, but that their methods could not provide useful evidence that it did. Yet, they offer additional evidence of the same type with respect to the efficacy of monetary shocks without effectively replying to the criticisms of their metho...

The recent boom in multifunction portable electronic equipments requires the development of compact and miniaturized electronic circuits with high efficiencies, low costs and long lasting time. For the operation of most line-powered electronics, alternating current (ac) line-filters are used to attenuate the leftover ac ripples on direct current (dc) voltage busses. Today, aluminum electrolytic...

The purpose of this paper is the description of a model-based approach (called ERGO-CONCEPTOR) to semi-automated user interface (UI) generation. Its application field concerns process control interactive applications. From a database describing the industrial process (for instance a chemical process) to be supervised, the system is able to generate automatically UI specifications using guidelin...

Electrochemical detection of dopamine plays an important role in medical diagnosis. In this paper, we report a three-dimensional (3D) interpenetrating graphene electrode fabricated by electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide for selective detection of dopamine. This electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO) electrode was used directly without further functionalization or blending with ...