Shigella flexneri causes a severe form of bacillary dysentery characterized by cramping, diarrhea, and fever. S. flexneri uses a type three seceretion system (TTSS) to invade the colonic epithelium by injecting effector proteins directly into the host cell cytoplasm. The TTSS consists of a basal body, spanning both the outer and inner membranes, and a surface exposed needle. After the proper en...

Erosion of tidal flats is to a large degree determined by the erosion threshold their cohesive sediments, i.e., critical bottom shear stress identifying onset erosion. Given that erodibility can vary strongly over both space and time, rapid in situ measuring methods for quantifying are needed. As largest changes flat elevation generally observed during storms when wave dominated, we developed m...

The soils of Gadas, object the present study, are identified on macromorphological, physico-chemical level and indices erodibility related to their properties. analyzes were carried out by standard methods. macromorphological analysis a toposequence made it possible identify five types soils: lithosols which occupy high zones landscape, colluvial (arenosols, regosols) located piedmont, alluvial...

[1] Orogenic structure appears to be partially controlled by the addition to and removal of material from the mountain belt by tectonic accretion and geomorphic erosion, respectively. We developed a coupled erosion-deformation model for orogenic wedges that are in erosional steady state and deform at their Coulomb failure limit. Erosional steady state is reached when all material introduced int...