Birds utilize one of two hindlimb postures during flight: an extended posture (with the hip and knee joints flexed, while the ankle joint is extended caudally) or a flexed posture (with the hip, knee, and ankle joints flexed beneath the body). American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana) and Black-necked Stilts (Himantopus mexicanus) extend their legs caudally during flight and support them for e...

purpose: to evaluate the incidence of the oculo-cardiac reflex (ocr) and its associated risk factors during strabismus surgeries performed at a tertiary referral center between 1390 and 1392. methods: over a 2-year period, all strabismus surgery candidates were enrolled in the study after obtaining consent from the patients or their parents. vital signs were recorded before the initiation of th...

Calcineurin activation ameliorates the dystrophic pathology of hindlimb muscles in mdx mice and decreases their susceptibility to contraction damage. In mdx mice, the diaphragm is more severely affected than hindlimb muscles and more representative of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The constitutively active calcineurin Aalpha transgene (CnAalpha) was overexpressed in skeletal muscles of mdx (mdx ...

congenital myasthenic syndromes (cms) are a group of diseases caused by genetic defects affecting neuromuscular transmission and are heterogeneous in inheritance and pathophysiology. these are classified as: 1. presynaptic defects: including choline acetyl transferase deficiency, paucity of synaptic vesicles, lambert-eaton like cms 2. synaptic defect: endplate ach esterase deficiency 3. postsyn...

Myosin binding protein-C (MyBP-C) exists in three major isoforms: slow skeletal, fast skeletal, and cardiac. While cardiac MyBP-C (cMyBP-C) expression is restricted to the heart in the adult, it is transiently expressed in neonatal stages of some skeletal muscles. However, it is unclear whether this expression is necessary for the proper development and function of skeletal muscle. Our aim was ...

Background—We studied the role of the central nervous system, neural feedback from contracting skeletal muscles, and sympathetic activity to the heart in the control of heart rate and blood pressure during 2 levels of dynamic exercise. Methods and Results—Spinal cord–injured individuals (SCI) with (paraplegia, n 4) or without (tetraplegia, n 6) sympathetic innervation to the heart performed ele...

BACKGROUND We studied the role of the central nervous system, neural feedback from contracting skeletal muscles, and sympathetic activity to the heart in the control of heart rate and blood pressure during 2 levels of dynamic exercise. METHODS AND RESULTS Spinal cord-injured individuals (SCI) with (paraplegia, n=4) or without (tetraplegia, n=6) sympathetic innervation to the heart performed e...