Toluene is a widely used industrial solvent, and humans may also have high exposures to toluene from the deliberate inhalation ("sniffing") of paint reducer, paint thinner, or paint for their narcotic effects. A number of case reports describe neonatal effects that have been attributed to toluene abuse during pregnancy. These effects may include intrauterine growth retardation, premature delive...

Advances in both sensitivity and specificity of analytical chemistry have made it possible to quantify substances in human biological specimens, such as blood, urine, and breast milk, in specimen volumes that are practical for collection from individuals. Research laboratories led by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in its series National Report on Human Exposure to Environm...

The proximate compositions (moisture, protein, ash, fat, crude fiber and carbohydrate) and levels of thirty seven elements (P, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Na, K, Zn, Pb, Bi, Sn, Ti, Si, Tl, Sb, Ba, Se, Sr, S, Ag, Cd, Mo, Ni, Al, As, Be, Co, Cr, Sc, V, W, Zr, B, Ce, Li, Te and U) were determined in thirteen brands infant formulae samples obtained from three developing (Nigeria, South Africa and Venezuela) a...

OBJECTIVE The WHO's global targets for non-communicable disease reduction recommend consumption of<5 g salt/day. In 2016, South Africa was the first country to legislate maximum salt levels in processed foods. South Africa's salt iodisation fortification programme has successfully addressed iodine deficiency but information is dated. Simultaneous monitoring of sodium reduction and iodine status...

The sources of quantitative and qualitative uncertainties of the exposure of a consumer to a pesticide residue are identified. The contribution of quantifiable uncertainties of input parameters of deterministic model to the combined uncertainty of the estimated exposure is shown with detailed calculation using the pesticide residue content of food consumed during two days. The daily intakes of ...

Renal control of water and electrolyte homeostasis was studied in 10 healthy babies (gestation 29 to 34 weeks; birthweight 1.19 to 2.19 kg) while water intake was varied. Glomerular filtration rate and urine flow were estimated daily from spot plasma and urine samples for six days using a constant inulin infusion, and simultaneous sodium, potassium, osmolar, and free water clearances were calcu...

OBJECTIVE To investigate food and nutrient intakes in 3-year-old children. SUBJECTS Eight hundred and sixty-three children resident in South West England (69% of those invited at this age), a randomly selected sub-sample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC). METHODS Diet was assessed using a 3-day descriptive food record. Food and nutrient intakes were compared...

The mean daily fluoride intake in infants was estimated on the basis of their intake of commercial foods for infants in Japan and evaluated in order to establish the effectiveness and safety criteria for water fluoridation, which is practiced as a preventive measure for dental caries suitable in life stages from children to the elderly. Based upon the intakes of foods for infants, the mean dail...

Establishment of Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs) and Risk Assessment for Ephedrine, Menichlopholan, Anacolin, Etisazole Hydrochloride-Anacolin,Ephedrine,Etisazole hydrochloride,Menichlopholan,Risk assessment