Estrogens have been shown to protect against various diseases and disastrous metabolic consequences of poor diets. Although a large body of research demonstrates estrogen's ability to control food intake, adipogenesis, and oxidative stress, research regarding the effects of estrogens on hepatic lipogenesis, steatosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is only now accumulating. Estrogen defi...

The mechanisms through which estrogen prevents bone loss are uncertain. Elsewhere, estrogen exerts beneficial actions by suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS stimulate osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone. Thus, estrogen might prevent bone loss by enhancing oxidant defenses in bone. We found that glutathione and thioredoxin, the major thiol antioxidants, and glutathione and thio...

Estrogen, is involved in much of the life women lives, having great importance in many functions of the female body including the definition of secondary sexual characters, but also has been linked as protective factor regard to catastrophic events such as cerebral aneurysms, probably related to estrogen deficiency and described high incidence in menopausal women. It is known the effects of est...

Over the past decade, inflammation has been gaining widespread attention among scientists because of accumulating evidence implicating inflammation as an important mediator in the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Clinical and experimental studies have shown strong associations between the risk for CVD and several inflammatory markers. In the majority of conditions that are high risk...

The incidence of hypertension increases in women after menopause, as does the susceptibility to myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases.1 The mechanisms responsible for increased cardiovascular disease risk after menopause are unknown. However, postmenopausal women exhibit increases in inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines, which have been s...

Among the indispensable trace elements required for normal physiological growth and development of the body; Copper (Cu) and Selenium (Se) have a paramount significance in human reproduction. Male testosterone levels have been suggested to play a role in the severity of Cu deficiency. In females, estrogen causes increase in plasma Cu levels by inducing ceruloplasmin and alteration of hepatic su...

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a key management strategy for prostate cancer (PC), achieved commonly by administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (LHRHa), ADT markedly suppresses both male and female sex hormones which results in “castration syndrome”, a constellation of adverse events such as muscle weakness, impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism, impotence, o...

Post-calving anestrus leads to serious economic losses and is the reason for animal culling. Deficiency of estrogen hypofunctional state ovaries due negative energy balance, as well violations timing postpartum involution uterus are considered leading causes an extended anovulatory period in fresh cows. A comparison was made therapeutic efficacy Ovsynch scheme Ovariovit preparation when used fi...

Estrogen plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular physiology and the immune system by inducing direct effects on multiple cell types including immune and vascular cells. Sex steroid hormones are implicated in cardiovascular protection, including endothelial healing in case of arterial injury and collateral vessel formation in ischemic tissue. Estrogen can exert potent modulat...

Studies of genetic males with single gene mutations that impair testosterone formation or action and consequently prevent development of the normal male phenotype provide unique insight into the control of gender role behavior. 46,XY individuals with either of two autosomal recessive mutations [17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (17 beta-HSD3) deficiency or steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 (5 al...