NATO’s strategic transformation will have an important impact on the Alliance’s approach to the Mediterranean and on the future of its Mediterranean Initiative. During the Cold War, NATO’s strategy, doctrine, and military capabilities were oriented toward deterring a military threat from the Soviet Union. Today, the threats and challenges are more diverse—and more indirect. They range from ethn...

The Great Wall is the crystallization of spiritual and material civilization Chinese nation, legends passed down inside outside contain splendid culture created by all nationalities, which has a very rich connotation. nation unified multi-ethnic country, in historical process national unity, there have been splits, mergers, fusions finally unification, many themes ethnic conflicts unity this ca...

This introductory article begins with a presentation of the focus of this special issue: a participatory action research project titled “Enabling Adolescents in Culturally Diverse Environments to Peacefully Resolve Ethnic Group Conflicts.” The rationale for the project as well as its conceptual and theoretical foundations are indicated. After this, the authors note the steps taken to develop th...

The fall of Soviet Union and independence of republics of central Asia as well as South Caucasus have brought both chances and challenges for Iran. At first it seemed that Muslim republics, which broke from Soviet Union, might have brought great chances for Iran to promote her ideological claims and economic interests. Dreams of Islamic revolution in new independent central Asian republics invo...

Humanity seems to have been thrown into a ‘perfect storm’ of several huge challenges such as global warming, accelerating extinction species, the corona pandemic and uncontrollable migration streams caused by fossil fuel emissions, overexploitation natural resources, extreme weather, viruses, ethnic religious conflicts [...]

Ethnographic studies of religion, stuck somewhere between ethnocentrism and literalism (especially in the case of Islam), have brought little distinctive anthropological analysis to bear successfully on the practical realities and political ideologies of religions. On the other hand, the popular assertion that certain ethnic groups, having had conflicts over centuries, will continue to fight wi...