We introduce notions of finiteness obstruction, Euler characteristic, L2-Euler characteristic, and Möbius inversion for wide classes of categories. The finiteness obstruction of a category Γ of type (FP) is a class in the projective class group K0(RΓ); the Euler characteristic and L2-Euler characteristic are respectively its RΓ-rank and L2-rank. We also extend the second author’s K-theoretic Mö...