The European Commission Code of Conduct for Responsible Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Research (EC CoC) is a case of soft regulation of an emerging technological field. It can be deemed an instrument of meta-regulation aimed at fostering self-regulatory behaviours, and as an example of the distribution of responsibilities among stakeholders within the Responsible Research and Innovation (RR...

Due to EU law, European citizens enjoy one of the highest worldwide food safety standards. Along the entire food supply chain, mandatory controls are made to ensure that plant and animal products healthiness and food and feed safety are properly labeled and comply with the strictly EU rules. The process of review of European legislation began with the promulgation of the Regulation 178/2002/EC ...

Although extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) has emerged as a significant community-acquired pathogen, there is little epidemiological information regarding community-onset bacteremia due to ESBL-EC. A retrospective observational study from 2006 through 2011 was performed to evaluate the epidemiology of community-onset bacteremia caused by ESBL-EC. In a six-year p...

This Working Party was set up under Article 29 of Directive 95/46/EC. It is an independent European advisory body on data protection and privacy. Its tasks are described in Article 30 of Directive 95/46/EC and Article 14 of Directive 97/66/EC.

In order to support the market opening across Europe, the European Commission decided to define a common and harmonised approach for managing the railway safety. To take this forward, the EU Legislators have approved in April 2004 the railway safety directive 2004/49/EC. This directive allocates amongst others the task of defining a Common Safety Method (CSM) on risk evaluation and assessment t...

One of the workshops organized during the ESEM Conference on Engineering and Medicine (Stuttgart, 25-28 April 1993) was dedicated to this theme. The following three papers correspond to three out of five oral presentations which were made at the workshop; the first two, which are not included here, dealt with Telematics applied to health care, better known as the AIM (Advanced Informatics in Me...

The SELECT project (Strategies for European LE-Enhanced Communication Training: EC Project LE4-8304, http://www.wlv.ac.uk/select/) offers new learning opportunities for European managers, equipping them with the cultural competence, language skills and language engineering tools necessary to communicate and operate effectively in a multilingual business environment, assisted by interactive mult...

BACKGROUND Data describing real-life management and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Europe are limited. REACH (http://NCT01293435) was a retrospective, observational study collecting data on the management of EU patients hospitalized with CAP. METHODS Patients were aged ≥18 years, hospitalized with CAP between March 2010 and February 2011, and requiring in-hospital treatmen...

We estimate and describe the incidence rates, mortality, and cost of CAP (community-acquired pneumonia), in both inpatient and outpatient settings, in the Czech Republic (CZ), Slovakia (SK), Poland (PL), and Hungary (HU). A retrospective analysis was conducted on administrative data from the health ministry and insurance reimbursement claims with a primary diagnosis of pneumonia in 2009 to dete...