Numerous ancient sources attest that Artemisia of Halicarnassus, a fifth-century bce tyrant whose polis came under Persian rule in 524 bce, figures prominently Xerxes' naval campaign against Greece. At least since Pompeius Trogus' first-century Philippic History, interpretations have juxtaposed her "virile courage" (uirilem audaciam) with "womanish fear" (muliebrem timorem) primarily as means b...