Modelling stock return generating process as a single factor model, we show analytically that the relation between idiosyncratic volatility measured as variance of the residuals and expected stock return in the cross-section may be represented by a parabola that opens to the left and has horizontal axis. This relation is uncovered for stocks of similar volatility and no abnormal return. The sen...

The environment of loan in bank is very complex, there are not only random factors but also fuzzy factors, so the return rates of loan often have fuzzy random characteristic. Mean chance is a measure of fuzzy random variable. This paper proposes two fuzzy random dependentchance programming models of loan portfolio, one is minimize the mean chance of a bad outcome under the certain expected retu...

Inflation depends generically on current and expected monetary and fiscal policies. There are three ways to carry $1 today into the future: money, bonds, and real assets. That dollar’s purchasing power varies inversely with the price level. The real return on money depends on the flow of transactions services it supports and the expected inflation rate; the analogous return on bonds is the nomi...

The two-country monetary model is extended to include a consumption externality with habit persistence. The model is simulated using the artificial economy methodology. The ‘puzzles’ in the forward market are re-examined. The model is able to account for (a) the low volatility of the forward discount (b) the higher volatility of expected forward speculative profit (c) the even higher volatility...

during the past two decades business and manufacturing have observed significant and radical changes. companies have used automation in the manufacturing, in order to improve quality and competency. it was expected that along with these changes, management accounting systems, which focus on monitoring and analyzing management decisions, should adapt with and encourage the changes. many authors ...

in this paper, based on error correction model by using panel data, an empirical analysis of demand for international reserves for 16 islamic countries is investigated. besides addressing conventional issues, the model explicitly incorporates the impact of expected export revenues and the impact of the exchange rate system on reserve demand. the results reveal that, short run money market diseq...

Standard Reinforcement Learning (RL) aims to optimize decision-making rules in terms of the expected return. However, especially for risk-management purposes, other criteria such as the expected shortfall are sometimes preferred. Here, we describe a method of approximating the distribution of returns, which allows us to derive various kinds of information about the returns. We first show that t...