Delineates 5 questions regarding group differences that are likely to be of interest to researchers within the framework of a randomized pretest, posttest, follow-up (PPF) design. These 5 questions are examined from a methodological perspective by comparing and discussing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) methods and briefly discussing hierarchical linear modeling...

OBJECTIVE To determine if after-school nutrition workshops conducted in public libraries were related to lasting changes in food choice. METHODS "Snack Smart" workshops, based on Social Cognitive Theory, were conducted in 8 branch libraries (49 ethnically diverse children, ages 9 to 14) to assess changes in consumption of targeted food items by pretest, posttest, and follow-up food frequency ...

objective: the present study aimed to investigate the effects of group positive psychotherapy on increasing the happiness of mothers of children with cochlear implants.  methods: this study was a quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest, a control group, and a 75-day follow-up design. a total of 20 mothers of children with cochlear implants treated in baqiyatallah hospital of tehran ci...

introduction: concerning about increasing prevalence of overweight rises from some evidence that shows excess weight has an adverse effect on health and longevity. overweight and obesity-related disease, including high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, measles swing, stroke, osteoarthritis, respiratory disease, certain types of cancer, and mood disorder. met...

This pilot study compared the efficacy of a forgiveness intervention with a fibromyalgia (FM) health intervention on women with FM who have experienced emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and emotional or physical neglect, in childhood by one of their parents. Eleven women with FM between the ages of 21 and 68 were randomized to the forgiveness intervention (n = 5) or the FM health interventi...

Adding a pretest as a covariate to a randomized posttest-only design increases statistical power, as does the addition of intermediate time points to a randomized pretest-posttest design. Although typically 5 waves of data are required in this instance to produce meaningful gains in power, a 3-wave intensive design allows the evaluation of the straight-line growth model and may reduce the effec...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in body fat percentage and aerobic capacity in professional soccer players, after the implementation of a specific 4-week training regimen during the transition period. Fifty-eight professional soccer players of the Greek Premier National Division were separated in experimental (n = 38) and control groups (n = 20). Body composition and maxim...