Tubercle bacilli has been known to live in symbiosis with mankind since centuries. mainly causes pulmonary disease but extra manifestations are fairly common spine being the most site

BACKGROUND Pakistan ranks 8th on the list of 22 high-burden tuberculosis (TB) countries in the world according to the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Tuberculosis Control 2009. Including other reasons the main cause is improper and late diagnosis of the disease. PCR may play an important role to control the disease with its rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis. But in Pakistan due t...

Major risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) include older age and a history of smoking, which predispose to several pulmonary and extra-pulmonary diseases. IPF can be associated with additional comorbidities through other mechanisms as either a cause or a consequence of these diseases. We review the literature regarding the management of common pulmonary and extra-pulmonary comor...

Congenital lung malformations can result in significant morbidity and mortality in children. Pulmonary sequestration is an uncommon congenital malformation of the lung that can cause complications even in fetal life. We herein present a newborn with extra-lobar sequestration (ELS) that lead to hydrops fetalis necessitating fetal intervention.

Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma (EP-NEC) have been found in most organs, but the most common sites are the gastrointestinal tract, cervix uteri and urogenital tract (Strosberg et al., 2010, Walenkamp et al., 2009). Recently it has been defined as a pathological entity in breast cancer (Tavassoli et al., 2003). Additionally, in up to 30% of EPNEC cases, no primary site can be identified ...

Clinical presentations of Leishmania infection include visceral (most common form), cutaneous, mucocutaneous, mucosal and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Mucosal form of leishmaniasis mostly involves oral and nasal mucosa. Rarely, laryngeal and pharyngeal mucosa may also be involved. Its concomitant presence with tuberculosis (TB), a disease rampant in India, is uncommon. Here we are repor...

Coronaviruses are known can cause a significant impact on veterinary medicine and socio-economic. Understanding the biological characteristics dynamics of pathogenic coronaviruses is major scientific challenge with potential impacts animal health. typically to respiratory or enteric diseases in poultry pigs. However, some coronavirus strains may extra-pulmonary extra-intestinal disorders. Keepi...