The objective of this prospective follow-up study was to evaluate the potential utility of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound to differentiate intrauterine from extrauterine gestations. Fifty-four pregnancies with a gestational age <10 weeks and with an intrauterine gestational sac <5 mm in diameter formed the study group. The configuration of the endometrium in the frontal plane of the uterus w...

Recent evidence suggests that vitamin D plays an important role in calcium homeostasis during pregnancy and early extrauterine life. Vitamin D is metabolized by successive hydroxylations to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and then to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the most potent known metabolite of the vitamin. During pregnancy, the concentrations of this metabolite in maternal serum increase in parallel with t...

Heterotopic pregnancy, defined as simultaneous intra- and extrauterine gestation is diagnostically challenging. The incidence rate of heterotopic pregnancy 27-fold higher after assisted reproductive technology than spontaneous conception; nevertheless, it relatively rare (reported 0.003％). We report a case laparoscopically diagnosed pregnancy. A 37-year-old primipara, who conceived intrauterine...

Heterotopic pregnancy is defined as a condition when intrauterine and extrauterine occur simultaneously. It life-threatening that requires immediate accurate diagnostics treatment. We present the case of 34-year-old multigravida in her 7 weeks gestation came to emergency ward with complains pain abdomen for 3 days. Ultrasonographic examination showed live mild moderate free fluid moving interna...

Background: A heterotopic pregnancy is defined as the presence of a concomitant intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy. Its estimated incidence is 1/30,000 in spontaneous pregnancies. It is also reported to be as high as 1 in 3900 when the pregnancy is a result of assisted reproductive technology (ART). However, clomiphene citrate (CC) could be associated with a higher rate of heterotopic preg...

The implantation of trophoblast cells at extrauterine sites still results in decidualization. The objective of the present study was to compare decidualization at eutopic and ectopic implantation sites. Tissues from women undergoing elective termination of uterine pregnancy and from women with ectopic pregnancy were used to detect the presence of cells important for the maintenance of pregnancy...

OBJECTIVE: To decribe the influence of smoking on different phases of the reproductive process, fecundation, pregnancy and lactation, drawing special attention to the mechanisms of action of the main toxic components found in cigarettes. To suggest prophylactic measures for environmental control and how to reduce childreńs exposure to tobacco smoke. METHODS: Nonsystematic literature review usin...