Plant stems show reversible diurnal fluctuation and irreversible growth, both related to plant water status. The stem diameter shrinkage swelling are caused by a depletion refilling of the plant’s internal storage pools, while growth occurs when turgor pressure exceeds certain threshold value. For this reason, measurements provide useful tool assess In study, use continuous detect atmospheric s...

Figs and fig wasps form a peculiar closed community in which the Ficus tree provides a compact syconium (inflorescence) habitat for the lives of a complex assemblage of Chalcidoid insects. These diverse fig wasp species have intimate ecological relationships within the closed world of the fig syconia. Previous surveys of Wolbachia, maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria that infect vast nu...

BACKGROUND Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman was first detected in North America from galls on weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.) in 2003. It has been reported from ten states in the continental United States, Hawaii, Trinidad and Costa Rica. Adult thrips induce leaves to fold permanently along the midvein, making it a significant pest of weeping fig. Studies were initiated to determine monitoring me...