since the evolution of public administration as an academic and scientific discipline, different competitive approaches have come forward in this area. public administration as a profession, a scientific field and a political process; or, public administration as an area totally distinguished from business management; and legal, political and administrative approaches towards public administrat...

the term paradigm has become a central issue in philosophy of science. increasing attention to paradigm in public administration, as a branch of social science, is also highlighted. this paper attempts to analysis seven paradigms in public administration research and to study ontological, epistemological, methodological, rhetorical and axiological assumptions of the each paradigm. finally, we b...

the place of a topic like ‘procedures for developing religiosity’, as a novel and innovative topic, seems to have been standing empty beside topic like ‘origins of religiosity’, and ‘the origin of religion’. the present article, after describing the content, use, and requirements of the topic under investigation, deals with introducing and categorizing paradigms of religiosity. in order to come...

Background: As two of the most prominent cultural components, spirituality and religion give sense to our human values, conducts, and experiences. The spiritual dimension is one of the four significant aspects of holistic care. However, the diversity of views has resulted in different interpretations of the reality of spirituality and its origins and consequences. Aim: This study aimed to exami...

The anthropological, cultural, social and religious changes taking place over the last decades have strongly influenced shape of marriage family life. By reading “the signs times, ”the Church undertakes a reflection on issues related to family. In dimension Catholic Church, this is made especially during synods bishops which yield apostolic exhortations presenting renewed visions pastoral care....

Reinforcement sensitivity is a concept proposed by Gray (1973) to describe the biological antecedents of personality, and has become the common mechanism among a family of personality theories concerning approach and avoidance processes. These theories suggest that 2–3 biobehavioural systems mediate the effects of reward and punishment on emotion and motivation, and that individual differences ...

there are two historical paradigms in iranian family law: love law and libido law. understanding the two approaches is possible by thinking on the four categories of love: 1. libido: the passion of life and manifestation of sexual drive. 2.eros: the romantic love and the genuine material of poem and literature. 3.philia: the mere love purified from libido. 4. agape: the spiritual love in mystic...

Family farms play a role in economic development. Limited terms of land, water and capital resources, family farming is essentially characterized by its use labour. must choose which agricultural products to produce; however, they do not have the necessary tools for optimizing their decisions. Knowing will best prices at harvest important farmers. At this point, machine learning technology has ...

In this comment on E. T. Gershoff (2002), the author notes the historical phases of punishment research. Punishment as a disciplinary tactic is best viewed as a packaged variable and therefore needs to be investigated in the context of other socialization practices. The role of parental values in this debate about punishment utilization and effectiveness merits more consideration. New direction...