there is disagreement about the antiquity of glassmaking industry in shām. some trace it back to the post-islamic era and regard it as being inspired by the roman artisans who had been employed for constructing buildings in the umayyad reign. others, however, believe that this industry is traced back to centuries before islam entered shām and was restored and developed by the support of the cal...

This article deconstructs the conceptual framework of social theorist Salman Sayyid by critically examining his work on political and hegemony in relation to thought post-Marxist philosopher Ernesto Laclau. elaborates a theory that necessitates communal break with existing society, move very similar Laclau more generally. In analyzing Sayyid’s theories caliphate Laclau’s conception hegemonic st...

people's allegiance to imam ali (as) is one of the interesting scenes of history which has had a critical role in political life of islam. people's enthusiasm for allegiance to imam ali (as) and also, supporting of imam's companions had prepared everything for a public allegiance. but contrary to expectation, imam ali (as) in a speech refused to accept the caliphate. this speech ...

The Ayyubid- Mamluk Muslim rulers built or rebuilt castles in order to defend their borders against the crusaders. During 12th-13th centuries, they changed hands several times, but were maintained and strengthened mainly by Muslims, as attested numerous Arabic inscriptions found incorporated into buildings. It is important mention here that Irene A. Bierman’s book entitled Writing Signs: Fatimi...