Introduction: The twin Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) Spirit and Opportunity have explored the Martian surface at Gusev Crater (GC) and Meridiani Planum (MP) for more that 1840 sols (more than 5 Earth years). Their science payload [1] includes instruments for mineralogical (Mössbauer (MB), Mini-TES, and Pancam) and chemical (APXS) analysis and a tool (RAT) for brushing and grinding rock surfaces...

Three different Co( ii ) species are identified at the surface of stoichiometric magnetite (Fe( )/Fe( iii = 0.5) by experiments, modeling, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and magnetic circular dichroism. This affects fate Co, properties nanoparticles.

— This paper presents a magnetic circuit modeling of closed loop Hall-effect current sensors based on a magnetic equivalent circuit which could be simulated with a circuit type simulator software (PSPICE model). First, the principle of measurement of the closed loop Hall-effect current sensors is presented, Then, the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) modeling justified by the engineers' model n...