This paper discusses aspect of digestion estimate in amino acids and nitrogen of feed for pigs. It has been highlighted that low utilization of protein does not only being a high cost to the pig industry, but also results in an environmental hazard. In formulation of diets for pigs, it is necessary to pay attention to the profile and character of feed protein. It is well understood that before ...

The cost of feed is at least 50% of the total cost of pig meat production with the energy component representing the greatest proportion. Therefore, from a practical point of view, it is important to estimate precisely the energy value of feeds, either for least-cost formulation purposes or for adapting feed supply to energy requirements of animals. Evaluation of energy content of pig feeds is ...

This contribution deals with the optimization of the design of reactive distillation columns by using a memetic algorithm (MA) which is a combination of an evolution strategy (ES) and a mathematical programming (MP) solver. The focus of this paper is on the restriction on the number of feed trays that introduces discrete variables into the problem formulation. The optimization of the number and...

The ‘big three’ forages in California, alfalfa hay, corn silage and small grain silage, are quantitatively the most important feed group on California dairy farms, as they comprise about 45% of all feeds consumed by California dairy animals. Thus, accurate estimation of their energy content is central to feed formulation that allows maximum animal performance and minimum environmental impact. W...

A continuous distillation process with random inflow rate is considered. The aim is to find a control (feed rate, heat supply, reflux rate) which is optimal with respect to energy consumption and which is robust at the same time with respect to the stochastic level constraints in the feed tank. The solution approach is based on the formulation of probabilistic constraints. An overall model incl...

fish larvae have a high requirement of amino acid (aa) for energy production and growth. this study was aimed to increase knowledge of aa profile during feral carp larval ontogeny and estimate larval aa requirements. larvae were collected randomly at 1, 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 26 and 33 days post hatch for growth and aa analysis. the composition of total aa changed significantly during ontogeny. the ...

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a neurologic condition in ruminants that can be caused by several dietary factors including water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis, lead poisoning and high sulfur intake. Three month old calves on a 1500-cow dairy experienced neurologic problems during three separate episodes. The morbidity rate approached 75% each time. Based upon post-mortem examination, three o...