Genital plastic surgery for women has come under scrutiny and has been the topic of discussion in the news media, online, and in medical editorials. In the absence of measurable standards of care, lack of evidence-based outcome norms, and little standardization either in nomenclature or training requirements, concern has been raised by both ethicists and specialty organizations.Some women reque...

Over the last decades, many tonnes of man-made chemicals have been produced and released into the environment. Many of these chemical substances have the ability to modulate the action of hormones and are called endocrine disrupters. Cell receptors that have been pure receptors for thousands of years have (due to industrialization), become susceptible to the action of exogenous chemicals. The b...

293 factors influence this and that the four factors have complex interactions. First, in the same issue of the BJGP, Salisbury et al found that age is associated with disease prevalence and also with consultation rates with GPs in England. Therefore, GPs working in affluent areas may have an equally high workload as those in deprived areas if they have a large proportion of older patients. In ...

Competition between males and their sperm over access to females and their eggs has resulted in manifold ways by which males try to secure paternity, ranging from physically guarding the female after mating to reducing her receptivity or her attractiveness to subsequent males by transferring manipulative substances or by mechanically sealing the female reproductive tract with a copulatory plug....

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an up to date account of recent papers and attitude on female genital mutilation in the past year. It is aimed at all professionals caring and supporting women/girls with female genital mutilation, and to identify gaps. RECENT FINDINGS Given the multidisciplinary complexity of the practice of female genital mutilation, it is surprisin...

Female genital mutilation, also misleadingly known as female circumcision, is usually performed on girls ranging in from 1 week to puberty. Immediate physical complications include severe pain, shock, infection, bleeding, acute urinary infection, tetanus, and death. Longterm problems include chronic pain, difficulties with micturition and menstruation, pelvic infection leading to infertility, ...

THE PROBLEM OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM) INSPIRED NEARLY 100 medical students from 3 continents to submit their work for the 2002 John Conley Ethics Essay Contest for Medical Students. Essayists discussed ethical issues that would arise if an 18-year-old woman requested thatasurgeonintheUnitedStatesperformFGMonherbeforeshereturned home to Africa, where FGM is most commonly practiced. Also...