Ferns appear in the fossil record some 200 Myr before angiosperms. However, as angiosperm-dominated forest canopies emerged Cretaceous period there was an explosive diversification of modern (leptosporangiate) ferns, which thrived low, blue-enhanced light beneath angiosperm canopies. A mechanistic explanation for this transformative event ferns has remained elusive. We used physiological assays...

A new anatomically preserved fern, discovered from the basalmost Carboniferous of Australia, shows a unique combination of very primitive anatomical characters (solid centrarch cauline protostele) with the elaboration of an original model of the arborescent habit. This plant possessed a false trunk composed of a repetitive branching system of very small stems, which established it as the oldest...

The fern life cycle includes a haploid gametophyte that is independent of the sporophyte and functions to produce the gametes. In homosporous ferns, the sex of the gametophyte is not fixed but can vary depending on its social environment. In many species, the sexual phenotype of the gametophyte is determined by the pheromone antheridiogen. Antheridiogen induces male development and is secreted ...

In ferns, as in most branches of the tree of life, phylogenetic analyses of molecular data have greatly improved our ability to identify natural groupings that are subsequently reflected in classifications grounded in the principle of monophyly (Smith & al., 2006; Rothfels & al., 2012; Christenhusz & Chase, 2014). In some cases, the results of such analyses are consistent with earlier notions o...

This study aims to find out the types of fern growth in Batu Caves area and develop a qr code based flipbook. Based on results research data analysis, it was found that developed QR Code-based Flipbook suitable for use by people area. In addition, concluded exploration ferns (Pteridophyta) Taba Jemekeh Village 22 species consisting 12 families 13 genera ferns. Fern plants which are commonly Dry...