Automated scanning electron microscopic studies got exclusive acceptance in identification of various mineral phases; its classification and characterization based on their composition abundance semi quantitative manner. Nowadays, these techniques are adopted understanding poorly crystalline amorphous materials to reveal the actual assemblages. Primary phases five ferromanganese crust nodule sa...

The statement that nodule formation, especially morphology, can be predicted by the Boudreau diagenetic model led us to state that ‘‘diagenetic models that claim to predict nodule growth rate and morphologies from elemental concentrations (1) are not verified by our data’’ for Second Connecticut Lake (SCL), New Hampshire (2). Comments on metal gradients and elemental concentration of manganese ...

The formation and maintenance of deep-sea ferromanganese/polymetallic nodules still remains a mystery 140 years after their discovery. The wealth of rare metals concentrated in these nodules has spurred global interest in exploring the mining potential of these resources. The prevailing theory of abiotic formation has been called into question and the role of microbial metabolisms in nodule dev...

Metal-oxidizing bacteria may play a key role in the submarine weathering of volcanic rocks and the formation of ferromanganese crusts. Putative fossil microbes encrusted in Mn oxide phases are commonly observed on volcanic glasses recovered from the deep ocean; however, no known Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria have been directly identified or cultured from natural weathered basalts. To isolate epilit...

In this study, Mn-rich Fe-Mn-Al alloys with different Al content (Al = 0, 3, and 5 % by weight) were fabricated from ferromanganese lumps using a conventional powder metallurgy technique. The samples compacted in 1 cm steel dies load of 8 tons then sintered at 1100 °C for 2 h tubular furnace under vacuum condition around 0.5 mbar. To evaluate the effect addition to alloy, Archimedes principle V...