Eusocial insect societies display a remarkable reproductive division of labor between a single fertile queen and thousands of largely sterile workers. In most species, however, the workers retain the capacity to reproduce, particularly in queenless colonies where typically many workers lay eggs. As yet, the molecular determinants that initiate this shift in worker fertility are still poorly doc...

International Family Planning Perspectives wide variety of settings inspired increasingly complex views: Demographers no longer regarded the impact of education on fertility as automatic, but as conditioned by the level of development, social organization, gender stratification and cultural milieu of the surrounding society. This new awareness of the complexity of the relationship was accompani...

Education and economic activity are two of the main determinants of women's status. They are also commonly considered as two of the main determinants of fertility decline and demographic transition. Iran has experienced a remarkably rapid fertility decline over the past decade. The decline has surprised many observers both because of its size and tempo and the fact that it started almost immedi...

Area-based strategies have been widely employed in efforts to improve population health and take action on social determinants of health (SDH) and health inequities, including in urban areas where many of the social, economic and environmental factors converge to influence health. Increasingly, these factors are recognized as being part of a complex system, where population health outcomes are ...

The Determinants of Motherhood and Work Status: A Survey In this paper we present important empirical evidence regarding recent trends in women’s participation and fertility in European countries, and provide several interpretations of the differences across countries. Several recent analyses have considered labour supply and fertility as a joint decision and have explicitly taken into account ...

Germany (former West and East Germany), Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands are situated in Western Europe with tight relations in history, culture and language. As for fertility trend, they show certain similar patterns (except for former East Germany). Their total fertility rates (henceforth referred to as simply TFRs) declined rapidly from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s and since then r...

Male fertility has been largely neglected in demographic research (Coleman, 2000; Greene and Biddlecom, 2000; Zhang, 2011). Although the role of men in fertility decisions and changes has received increased attention since 1990s (DeRose, and Ezeh, 2005; Greene and Biddlecom, 2000; Zulu, 1997), the patterns, levels, changes and determinants of male fertility have remained an understudied researc...

The World Fact Book ranked Cameroon at the 20th position with a fertility rate of 4.66 in 2020. UNSD Database (2020) gives as 5.4, 5.2 and 5.0 for 2005, 2010 2019 respectively. In rank most obese countries, was 135th an average BMI 11.4 2016. 2019, 11.4% Cameroonians were 24.4%. These figures show that years higher rates had lower levels life expectancy BMI. This is possib...