Pre-industrial Europe saw a relatively rapid evolution of systems of government. Feudalism gave way to medieval constitutional government and this gave way in turn either to the imperial state or to associational government. This rapid evolution was driven by two interrelated processes—one of economic growth and development, the other of struggle and conflict among governments. Our purpose here...

Insects have an infinite talent to annoy, and as vectors of disease they have had a decisive effect on human affairs, determining the fates of cities and armies, religions and nations. The outbreak of bubonic plague in Europe during the 14th century is considered an important contributor to the demise of feudalism. Convocations of the College of Cardinals in Rome were regularly disrupted by mor...

the era of sadradin mosa safavi (1334-1389) coincided with disintegration of the ilkhanid dynasty and the start of the fatrat period one of the most important periods in which the safavid family tried to preserve and expand their properties and possessions resorting to popular actions like building sufis’ house and monastery. during this period not only sadrodin made conscious efforts to expa...

This paper mobilizes a transnational approach to intervene in the unfolding history of Covid-19 pandemic, advocating for nationally based, interdependent initiatives that push back against fragmentation national responses and, eventually, protectionism. Focusing on governance digital technologies data sharing, and using two case studies as illustrations, we describe emergence realms scientific ...

we all, that it could be that steering through nearly 600 pages of text is worth while.1 Historically feudalism and a landowning aristocracy throughout Europe proved unable to cope with the rise of the expanding and commercial system of towns and cities. 2-3 In the great wide world there arose two mutually antagonistic systems: entrepreneurial capitalism and organised labour. Perkin further sug...

This is an analysis of maternal survival of up to 13,202 mothers following 56,546 births in south central Slavonia (Croatia) in the period 1714-1898, using automated family reconstitution of 23,307 marriages, 112,181 baptisms, and 94,077 burials from seven contiguous Catholic parishes. Physiological factors have the effects commonly expected. Maternal risk is increased by general economic and s...

The iceberg theory created by American family education psychologist Vonia (Virginia Satir), which refers to a person's "self" is like an iceberg, we can see only few part of the actions on surface. Analyze Lin Daiyu in Dream Red Mansions with help theory. A based rise and fall four major families feudal society. characters book are highly personalized. Among them, very controversial figure, sh...