Abstract New ways to combine data from multiple environmental area frame surveys of a finite population are being introduced. Environmental often sample populations through frames. However, without risking bias, design components (inclusion probabilities, etc.) needed at unit level the population. We show how derive and exemplify this for three commonly used sampling designs. produce an unbiase...

This paper proposes two sampling strategies based on the modified ratio estimator using the population mean of auxiliary variable and population correlation coefficient between the study variable and the auxiliary variable by Singh and Tailor (2003) for estimating the population mean (total) of the study variable in a finite population. A comparative study is made with usual sampling strategies...

In the population protocol model introduced by Angluin et al. [2], a collection of agents, which are modelled by finite state machines, move around unpredictably and have pairwise interactions. The ability of such systems to compute functions on a multiset of inputs that are initially distributed across all of the agents has been studied in the absence of failures. Here, we show that essentiall...

Fatigue crack growth rate depends not only on the load amplitude, but also on the morphology of crack path. The strain energy density theory has the ability to analyze crack growth rate. A strain energy density crack growth model is proposed. It can predict the lifetime of fatigue crack growth for mixed mode cracks while an equation for mode I crack is also obtained. The validity of the model i...