Romanian Moldavia is the focus of a study, initiated in 2005, on Neolithic-Eneolithic (6000–3500 BCE) settlement dynamics and salt exploitation. The underlying hypothesis that exploitation salt, along with copper gold, contributed to emergence developed Eneolithic societies from beginning 5th millennium BC. By approaching this process through its geographical dimension, 6th BC, one can measure ...

Abstract Broomcorn millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) was first domesticated in China and dispersed westward via Central Asia the 3rd millennium BC, reaching Europe 2nd BC. North of Black Sea, Pontic steppe forest-steppe areas are key regions for understanding dispersal millet, as evidenced by earliest direct radiocarbon dates on European grains, which we present here. Examining various lines evide...

ABSTRACT In this paper we discuss recent developments in documenting the spread of millet across Eurasian steppes. We emphasize that, despite a proposal that consumption southern Siberia can be attributed to Early Bronze Age (i.e., late third early second millennium BC), at present there are no direct data for indicating prior Late Age, from 14th century BC. also full combined stable isotope an...

Abstract It appears likely that at its peak the classical economy was almost as large of Western Europe during Industrial Revolution. The following review archeological and document evidence indicates three events occurring in first half millennium BC trigger emergence a specialized integrated after 500 BC: (i) growth demand for silver medium exchange economies Near East; (ii) technical breakth...

Handles of Early Iron Age bronze cauldrons from southwestern Siberia are described with reference to their ritual meaning. Typological features, such as knobs, arcuate, or square shape, relevant for dating. Two chronological groups established: the Tagar (second half 1st millennium BC) and Xiongnu-Xianbei (late BC early AD). The interpretation handles depends on context. At settlements (Turunov...

A. " The First Internationalism " or the " First Dark Age " ? Half a century ago, Chicago Egyptologist Helene Kantor (1952) assembled some surprising observations on items traded into Egypt just as the first pharaohs were uniting the Nile Valley and the Delta into a single state at the end of the fourth millennium BC. Not only were some items, such as the cylinder seals being used by government...

Economic directness is a new model of socioeconomic organization for the Paracas culture (800–200 BC) in southern Peru, with wider implications economic theory prehispanic Andean past. Using an archaeoeconomic approach to analyze settlement patterns, obsidian artifacts, malacological material, and camelid skeletal remains, this study reconstructs economy by using primary archaeological data fro...

Sardinia is an island located in the middle of Mediterranean Sea. Due to its position geologically acquired Middle Miocene (around 16 Ma ago), this had a very strategic antiquity, as it was involved into all trade routes that crossed Sea; however, developed original archaeological features up Iron Age. During Final Neolithic, Ozieri’s Culture throughout Sardinian territory, with diffusion typic...

Abstract Horses and chariots—and the associated technology expertise—derived from steppe contributed to success of Zhou conquest Shang in c. 1045 BC remained important throughout rule ancient China. On basis material cultural patterns, including style used bridle cheek-pieces found tombs late second early first millennium BC, this paper points a northern origin for horses. Important intermediar...