This paper outlines the state-of-the-art techniques to measure ultra-low flow rates down 5 nL/min that have been developed by eight European organisations in an EMPIR collaborative research project. The include gravimetric, optical interface tracking, pendant drop, micro Particle Image Velocimetry (μPIV) and displacement methods. measurement principles, experimental setup, results uncertainties...

The solid waste generated in the steel industry are predominantly recycled via agglomeration making route. In recent times, amount of fines percentage has increased sinter making, thereby affecting bed permeability which eventually affects quality. Hence, is to be monitored continuously. Currently conventional infrared based velocity measurement being used for this purpose. calculated on flow f...