the existing works considering the flow-based discount factor in the hub and spoke problems, assume that increasing the amount of flow passing through each edge of network continuously decreases the unit flow transportation cost. although a higher volume of flow allows for using wider links and consequently cheaper transportation, but the unit of flow enjoys more discounts, quite like replacing...

Flow separation at water intake is the main cause of head loss and flow discharge reduction. As a result, study of shape and size of separation is very essential when designing an optimum water intake. Water intake is normally built with a 90 degree angle to the main channel flow direction. However, the flow structure in this type of water intake consists of large separation size along with ...

abstract lateral intake is a hydraulic structure which is used for diversion of some portion of water from a river for the purpose of irrigation, storage and industrial. most of lateral intakes from canal are installed at canal with inclined banks which has not received the attention of the researchers in the past. since the flow discharge and sediment which enters the intake canal depends on t...

in order to present a new and high performance structure of pem fuel cell and study the influence of the flow direction and distribution on the rate of reactants diffusion, three novel models of vertical reactant flow injection into the anode and cathode reaction area field have been introduced. they consist of one inlet and two inlets and also a continuous channel. the governing equations on t...

extended abstract 1. introduction the bond between urban and rural areas, the result of their mutual needs in a spatial system, is the basis of urban-rural continuity. one of such bonds is the transfer of agricultural goods from villages to urban market. the structure of production and the flow of agricultural products to urban market could be affected by factors such as access to natural resou...