? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????. ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????...

• Each table in the database has one column and stores the possible values for a ground fluent term. •Whenever there is complete knowledge about the term, the corresponding table has exactly one row. E.g., the ground fluent term door has only one possible value (Closed ) and so the table for door has exactly one row: Closed. •Whenever there is incomplete knowledge, the table has more than one r...

Based on an elaborate ontological taxonomy, the Featuresand-Fluents framework provides an independent action semantics for assessing the range of applicability of action calculi. In this paper, we show how the fluent calculus can be used to capture the full range of phenomena in K-IA, the broadest ontological class that has been fully formalized in (Sandewall 1994). To this end, we develop a si...

A new equational foundation is presented for the Fluent Calculus, an established predicate calculus formalism for reasoning about actions. We discuss limitations of the existing axiomatizations of both equality of states and what it means for a fluent to hold in a state. Our new and conceptually even simpler theory is shown to overcome the restrictions of the existing approach. We prove that th...

We report the naming performance of a patient (DM) with a fluent progressive aphasia who made phonological errors in all language production tasks. The pattern of errors in naming was strikingly clear: DM made very many phonological errors that resulted almost always in nonword responses. The complete absence of semantic errors and the very low ratio of formal errors relative to nonword errors ...

Systematic approaches like the family of Action Description Languages have been designed for the formal assessments of action calculi. We assess the fluent calculus for knowledge and sensing with the help of the recently developed, high-level action language Ak. As the main result, we present a provably correct embedding of this language into fluent calculus, excluding the while loops in the qu...

This study compares the VOT measurements between Persian and English stutterers. The speech samples of five adult stutterers (four males and one female) of each language were recorded during a reading task. 98 stuttering events in words beginning with plosives and 34 fluent plosives (i.e., final fluent iterations following the stuttered portions of speech) were identified in the data of both gr...

My first attempts to drive a car were torture – for myself, my older brother (who unwisely had agreed to help teach me), and the family car. The car had a manual transmission and clutch, and we bucked and lurched around town. Each intersection, even each gear shift, posed a challenge that demanded my full attention – if only I could have given it. Instead, my mind was churning with embarrassmen...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the relation between emotional reactivity and regulation associated with fluent and stuttered utterances of preschool-age children who stutter (CWS) and those who do not (CWNS). PARTICIPANTS Participants were eight 3 to 6-year old CWS and eight CWNS of comparable age and gender. METHODS Participants were exposed to three emotion-inducing overh...