The debate between Intellectualists and Anti-Intellectualists on the nature of ‘knowledge-how’ has thus far centered on arguments from the syntax or semantics of natural languages, surveys of folk judgments, and appeals to intuitions about hypothetical cases. We propose a new approach, focusing on real-world cases found in the empirical psychology literature. Our argument is simple: while the h...

We report experimental results showing that participants are surprisingly likely to attribute knowledge in familiar Gettier cases and are often even more likely to do so when the believers in question are engaging in harmful or blameworthy acts. Our experiments bring together important elements from the Gettier case literature in epistemology and the Knobe effect literature in experimental phil...

Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) fruit has been used in tropical regions as both food and folk medicine. The recent use of noni as a dietary supplement has increased greatly. To describe the safety of this fruit, a literature review and data from new studies are presented. Several preclinical safety tests and a human clinical safety study have revealed no adverse health effects, even at high doses....

Folk medicinal practitioners form the first tier of primary health-care providers to most of the rural population of Bangladesh. They are known locally as Kavirajes and rely almost solely on oral or topical administration of whole plants or plant parts for treatment of various ailments. Also about 2% of the total population of Bangladesh are scattered among more than twenty tribes residing with...

Folk theories—untutored people’s (often implicit) theories about various features of the world—have been fashionable objects of inquiry in psychology for almost two decades now (e.g., Hirschfeld and Gelman 1994), and more recently they have been of interest in experimental philosophy (Nichols 2004). Folk theories of psychology, physics, biology, and ethics have all come under investigation. Fol...

Morinda citrifolia L (Noni) has been used in folk remedies by Polynesians for over 2000 years, and is reported to have a broad range of therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, antihelmin, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and immune enhancing effects. In order to reveal the nutritional and medicinal value of the Noni plant, and to summarize scien...

In the traditional static implementation literature it is often impossible for implementors to enforce their optimal outcomes. And when restricting the choice to dominant-strategy implementation, only the dictatorial choices of one of the participants are implementable. Repeated implementation problems are drastically different. In this paper we provide an implementation “folk theorem”: for pat...

This paper provides significant ethnobotanical information on pharmaceutical plant uses, where some degree of acculturation exists, so that there is urgency in recording such data. The aim of this work is to catalogue, document, and make known the uses of plants for folk medicine in Dehloran and Abdanan districts, Ilam Province, Iran. An analysis was made of the species used, parts of the plant...

This paper studies infinite-horizon stochastic games in which players observe payoffs and noisy public information about a hidden state each period. Public randomization is available. We find that, very generally, the feasible and individually rational payoff set is invariant to the initial prior about the state in the limit as the discount factor goes to one. We also provide a recursive charac...

From a cultural psychology perspective, Gauvain (1998) found evidence of folk psychological variations in adulthood to be of great import, whereas Wellman (1998), from a theory of mind perspective, argued that it has little bearing on the issues that drive the theory of mind enterprise. Here I discuss several reasons why this adult evidence is relevant. One prima facie reason is that the compar...