As countries roll out vaccines that prevent COVID-19, many scientists are reluctant to say with certainty the person transmission. All authorised for emergency use do this,however there no conclusive evidence COVID-19 vaccine prevents infection. The limited data available suggests will at least partly reduce transmission, and studies determine this more clarity underway. One should wait make a ...

Introduction. The occurrence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a global pandemic with huge death tolls. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may progress from minimal infection to serious failure mandating treatment for continuum developed condition. Aim. purpose this review is summarize findings related epidemiology, clinical manifestations, mode...

In 2019, 30,000 people were forced to leave their homes due conflict, persecution, and natural disaster each day. Eighty-five percent of refugees live in developing countries, they often face underfunded inadequate environmental health services. Many displaced persons camps other temporary settlements long after the displacement event occurs. However, there is little evidence on conditions tran...

BACKGROUND The association between Staphylococcus haemolyticus and severe nosocomial infections is increasing. However, the extent to which fomites contribute to the dissemination of this pathogen through patients and hospital wards remains unknown. OBJECTIVES In the present study, sphygmomanometers and thermometers were evaluated as potential fomites of oxacillin-resistant S. haemolyticus (O...

Respiratory disease due to influenza virus is common in both human and swine populations around the world with multiple transmission routes capable of transmitting influenza virus, including indirect routes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of fomites in influenza A virus (IAV) transmission between pig populations separated by two different biosecurity settings. Thirty-five ...

The zoonosis human monkeypox (MPX) was discovered in 1970, twelve years after the discovery of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in a Danish laboratory in 1958. Historically confined to West Africa (WA) and the Congo basin (CB), new epidemics in Sudan and the United States of America (USA) have fuelled new research highlighting environmental factors contributing to the expanded geographical spread of monk...

This paper synthesizes available information on five Category A pathogens (Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Variola major and Lassa) to develop quantitative guidelines for how environmental pathogen concentrations may be related to human health risk in an indoor environment. An integrated model of environmental transport and human health exposure to biological pathog...

From pandemic to seasonal, the COVID-19 experience suggests many common respiratory infections rather than likely having a fomite etiology as previously thought, are primarily caused by inhalation of infectious aerosols shed ill persons during coughing and normal breathing talking. Given this new understanding, good news is that, unlike indoor-sourced noxious irritating gases that can only be m...

Background.  Fomites are objects that can become colonized and serve as vectors in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Literature examining the knowledge of healthcare personnel about this method of spread of infection is lacking. We conducted a study to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of healthcare personnel across different areas of patient care regarding the spread o...

Understanding factors that influence persistence of influenza virus in an environment without host animals is critical to appropriate decision-making for issues such as quarantine downtimes, setback distances, and eradication programs in livestock production systems. This systematic review identifies literature describing persistence of influenza virus in environmental samples, i.e., air, water...