The fossil record of Ginkgo leaf and reproductive organs has been well dated to the Mid-Jurassic (170 Myr). However, the fossil wood record that can safely be assigned to Ginkgoales has not yet been reported from strata predating the late Early Cretaceous (ca. 100 Myr). Here, we report a new fossil wood from the Mid-Late Jurassic transition deposit (153-165 Myr) of northeastern China. The new f...

Using an automated simulated annealing (SA) procedure, spectrum decomposition on angular measurements of tooth enamel fragments shows that UV irrad iation of modern human and fossil bovid samples results in distinctively different ESR spectra. In the fossil sample, UV irradiation generates qualitatively identical spectra to natural. The amounts of non-oriented CO2 radicals in the modern and fos...

The good thing about fossil fuels is that they are very energy dense, i.e., they contain a lot of energy per unit of volume. This means that fossil fuels are very good at powering cars and generating heat. The not-so-good thing about fossil fuels is that the earth has a limited amount of them. Because fossil fuels take millions of years to form, we will eventually use them up before more are ma...

in this study a pseudo comprehensive carbon footprint model for fossil fuel power plants is presented. parameters which their effects are considered in this study include: plant type, fuel type, fuel transmission type, internal consumption of the plant, degradation, site ambient condition, transmission and distribution losses. investigating internal consumption, degradation and site ambient con...

Background and Aims Radially symmetrical, five-winged fossil fruits from the highly diverse early Eocene Laguna del Hunco flora of Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina, are named, described and illustrated. The main goals are to assess the affinities of the fossils and to place them in an evolutionary, palaeoecological and biogeographic context. Methods Specimens of fossil fruits were collec...

Trachemys (Testudines: Emydidae) represents one of the most well-known turtle genera today. The evolution of Trachemys, while being heavily documented with fossil representatives, is not well understood. Numerous fossils from the late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site (GFS) in northeastern Tennessee help to elucidate its evolution. The fossil Trachemys at the GFS represent a new species. The new tax...

Optimistic Fossil Collection is a fully distributed mechanism to reclaim memory from the state and event histories of a Time Warp simulation. Each fossil collector executes with a Logical Process (LP) and operates independently of other fossil collectors. More precisely, each fossil collector examines event arrival t imes and creates a statistical model of the expected ,variance from LVT. From ...

We assess the large-scale, top-down constraints on regional fossil fuel emissions provided by observations of atmospheric total column CO2, XCO2 . Using an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) with underlying fossil emissions, we determine the influence of regional fossil fuel emissions on global XCO2 fields. We quantify the regional contrasts between source and upwind regions and probe ...

Time calibration derived from the fossil record is essential for molecular phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. Fossil mice and rats, discovered in the Siwalik Group of Pakistan, have served as one of the best-known fossil calibration points in molecular phylogenic studies. Although these fossils have been widely used as the 12 Ma date for the Mus/Rattus split or a more basal split, conclusiv...

Firstly, I wish to thank you for the invitation to say a few words at the opening of this important workshop. At the beginning of the XXI century an increase of awareness rose that the fossil fuel resources are limited in the planet we inhabit. Their production costs and therefore their prices tend inevitably to increase and their intensive usage has a significant impact on the environment. In ...