Wherever individuals perform cooperative behaviours, each should be selected to adjust their own current contributions in relation to the likely future contributions of their collaborators. Here, we use the sentinel system of pied babblers (Turdoides bicolor) to show that individuals anticipate contributions by group mates, adjusting their own contribution in response to information about inter...

One theory to explain the existence of conspicuous solicitation is that it is a way for young to 'blackmail' carers into provisioning them, by threatening their own destruction. Fledgling birds offer a unique opportunity to investigate the 'blackmail theory', as their mobility enables them to influence the predation risk they face. We investigated a novel solicitation behaviour in fledgling pie...

with the french occupation of egypt in 1798 ad, the communication route of britain to india was threatened and a new stage of conflict and competition began between the two countries in eastern mediterranean, ottoman, iran, indian ocean and the persian gulf. although threats temporarily subsided with the french abandoning egypt, but the continuous french expansionism in the east caused them per...

introduction ownership is an important element for sustainability development in natural resource management. rangelands vegetations are important factor for produce in traditional herding therefore recognition of different utilization methods and management of this vegetation resource production for animal grazing and rangelands condition is very important. so this research carried out in 2009...

English allows a peculiar type of elliptical wh-questions that can be found only under sluicing, in which the wh-object of the preposition appears not after the preposition but before it, as in “John fixed it, but I don’t remember what with.” Merchant (2002) calls this construction Swiping. This study evaluates two competing syntactic analyses of Swiping, by using data from a novel source: the ...

For the first time the incidence and mortality of breast cancer were estimated in French Guiana, an overseas French Territory of South America. A certified cancer registry collected exhaustive data on breast cancer between 2003 and 2005. The age-standardized rate of breast cancer was 47.1 per 100 000 women. The age-standardized death rate was 11.0 per 100 000 women. Although the standardized in...