During certain operating conditions in spark-ignited direct injection engines (GDI), the injected fuel will be superheated and begin to rapidly vaporize. Fast vaporization can beneficial for fuel–oxidizer mixing subsequent combustion, but it poses risk of spray collapse. In this work, collapse is numerically investigated a single hole G eight-hole injector an engine combustion network (ECN). Re...

Mixture Temperature-Controlled (MTC) combustion is a novel concept, offering 50% reduction in NOX emission compared to V-shaped flames without known compromise. The essence of this concept the central cold air injection, which also atomizing medium plain-jet airblast atomizer presently delay fuel–air mixture ignition. Hence, flame root not anchored fuel nozzle or burner lip, facilitating distri...

The kinetic effects of plasma assisted fuel oxidization on the extinction of partially premixed methane flames was studied at 60 Torr by blending 2% CH4 into the oxidizer stream. The experiments showed that the non-equilibrium plasma can dramatically accelerate the fuel oxidization at low temperature. The prompt fuel oxidization resulted in fast chemical heat release and extended the extinction...

Abstract Hybrid rocket motors have several attracting characteristics such as simplicity, low cost, safety, reliability, environmental friendliness. In particular, hybrid rockets can provide complex and flexible thrust profiles not possible with solid in a simpler way than liquid rockets, controlling only single fluid. Unfortunately, the drawback of this feature is that mixture ratio cannot be ...

This paper reports a study on nanocrystalline ceria powder prepared by high energy ball-milling and combustion synthesis methods. The combustion synthesis was carried out using ceric ammonium nitrate as oxidizer and citric acid, glycine or citric acid plus glycine as fuel. The minimum crystallite size of ceria powder is obtained by combustion synthesis of ceric ammonium nitrate and citric acid....

The bioleachings of chalcopyrite ore were compared after inoculating different cultures enriched from the original acid mine drainage sample. The results showed that the higher bioleaching performance was achieved for inoculation with the enrichment D (0.5 % S, 2 % iron and 1 % chalcopyrite) compared to other enrichment systems. The generated ferric precipitation during bioleaching had a key in...

A fiber optic coupled diode laser sensor has been constructed for in situ measurements of water vapor partial pressure in active proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems. The bipolar plate of a prototypical PEM fuel cell was modified to allow for transmission of a near infrared laser beam through the flow channels on either the fuel or oxidizer side of its membrane-electrode assembly. T...

The dual-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) method was used to measure temperature and the absolute mole fractions of N2, O2 and H2 in a supersonic non-reacting fuel-air mixing experiment. Experiments were conducted in NASA Langley Research Center’s Direct Connect Supersonic Combustion Test Facility. Under normal operation of this facility, hydrogen and air burn to increase the...

Human spaceflight, space tourism, and the launch of microsatellites are all expected to grow in future. In fact, with recent increase satellite market, almost 1000 smallsats per year foreseen be launched over next decade. Hybrid rocket propulsion has received significant attention for military commercial applications due its potential safety, throttleable, restart ability when compared solid ro...

The combustion process begins with the ignition of fuel - bringing it to auto-ignition temperature, which is one important components kinetic characteristics fuel.
 Fuel does not occur immediately but after a certain period, during activation energy accumulated: heat or active centers, depending on mechanism thermal-kinetic chain-kinetic, sufficient overcome potential barrier. At same time...