The method of complex geometrical optics (CGO) is presented, which describes Gaussian beam (GB) diffraction and self-focusing along a curvilinear trajectory in inhomogeneous and nonlinear saturable media. CGO method reduces the problem of Gaussian beam propagation in inhomogeneous and nonlinear media to solving ordinary differential equations for the complex curvature of the wave front and for ...

let r be a g-graded ring and m be a g-graded r-module. in this article, we introduce the concept of graded weakly classical prime submodules and give some properties of such submodules.

To a good approximation, the electromagnetic-propagation characteristics of graded-index waveguides can be written in terms of polynomial-Gaussian modes. For uniform quadratic-index waveguides the behavior of these modes is well known. However, there are sometimes practical reasons for using tapered waveguides, but detailed propagation solutions are known for only a few specific taper functions...