All oil and gas pipeline systems are run by human operators (called controllers) who use computer-based workstations in control rooms to "control" pipelines. Several human factor elements could contribute to the lack of controller success in preventing or mitigating pipeline accidents/incidents. These elements exist in both the work environment and also in the computer system design/operation (...

after the soviet union fragmentation, the attentions of regional and international countries have turned to this region for oil and gas discovery in the caspian basin. after that, this region enjoys more geopolitical importance increasingly. therefore, the main question is:” what factors can influence the new geopolitics of the caspian basin?” it seems that, some issues such as the lack of a...

We examine the life cycle costs, environmental discharges, and deaths of moving coal via rail, coal gas via pipeline, and electricity via wire from the Powder River Basin (PRB) in Wyoming to Texas. Which method has least social cost depends on how much additional investment in rail line, transmission, or pipeline infrastructure is required, as well as how much and how far energy is transported....

The main purpose of the leakage detection system on a gas pipeline is to give a warning of the dangers related to a gas leak that could endanger human lives and cause material loss. There is a wide range of gas detection systems used to provide an early detection and warning in the event of a leak in a gas pipeline, one of which that is wired monitoring system. However, in its implementation, t...

A Blast furnace is an investment in the future. It is necessary that there is the proper dimensioning of all the equipment, systems and components as well as incorporation of technologies which assure the desired production and quality so that improved performance of the blast furnace can be achieved. Gas is one of the major resources of nature. Gas distribution across any part is processed by ...

Natural-gas pipeline accidents mostly result in major damage even to buildings located far away. Therefore, proper safety distances should be observed in land use planning to ensure target safety levels for both existing and new buildings. In this paper, a quantitative risk assessment procedure is presented for the estimation of the annual probability of direct structural damage to reinforced c...