The Human Development Report for the Arab States in 2002 indicates that the Human Development Index (HDI) for 1998 is estimated to be 0.72, setting the country in the medium level of the HDI category. Although Jordan is a lower middle-income country with a GNP/per capita of US$1,500 (1999 World Development Indicators; World Development Report 2000/2001 World Bank, Washington), poverty is consid...

Motivation: Sequence mapping is the cornerstone of modern genomics. However, most existing sequence mapping algorithms are insufficiently general. Results: We introduce context schemes: a method that allows the unambiguous recognition of a reference base in a query sequence by testing the query for substrings from an algorithmically defined set. Context schemes only map when there is a unique b...

42 AI MAGAZINE Context awareness has recently become an important research topic. This is partly driven by rapid growth in the “Internet of Things,” which the Gartner Group predicts will grow to more than 30 billion connected devices, sensors, and computers by 2020 (Middleton, Kjeldsen, and Sutton 2013). Consequently, the types of environments, tasks, and situations in which users, machines, an...

Context is an essential part of all cognitive function. However, neural network models have only considered this issue in limited ways, focusing primarily on the conditioning of a system’s response by its recent history. This type of context, which we term Type I, is clearly relevant in many situations, but in other cases, the system’s response for an extended period must be conditioned by stim...

Towards 1967, the accuracy of caesium frequency standards reached such a level that the relativistic effect could not be ignored anymore. Corrections began to be applied for the gravitational frequency shift and for distant time comparisons. However, these corrections were not applied to an explicit theoretical framework. Only in 1991 did the International Astronomical Union provide metrics (th...

Superoxide anion is the most important reactive oxygen species (ROS) primarily generated in cells. The main cellular constituents with capabilities to generate superoxide anion are NADPH oxidases and mitochondrial respiratory chain. The emphasis of our article is centered in critically examining hypotheses proposing that ROS generated by NADPH oxidase and mitochondria are key elements in O(2)-s...