Geographic routing is a procedure often used in sensor networks to route information to a destination specified by geographic coordinates instead of an address. This approach is used primarily in sensor networks, where it offers many advantages when compared to traditional, more static routing methods, which often don’t adapt well to the environmental specifics under which sensors operate. This...

Research background: A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based that gathers, manages, and disseminates different (related to earth) provide intelligent analytics necessary for prompt decisions actions. GIS can aggregate data from several streams turn it into smart dashboard users enhance productivity. The use of technologies, remote sensing, ad-hoc wireless networks has signific...

During the past few years, the development of wireless sensor network technologies has spurred the design of novel protocol paradigms capable of meeting the needs of a wide broad of applications while taking into account the inherent constraints of the underlying network technologies, e.g. limited energy and computational capacities. Geographic routing is one of such paradigms whose principles ...

In this paper, studying the effect of malicious nodes in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is proposed. The low-cost, low data rate of the sensor nodes made the WSN a hot topic among researchers. Certain characteristics like dynamic topologies, limited data rate and limited battery power makes routing in WSN challenging compared to traditional networks. Earlier work on WSNs mainly focused on ...

We present a new approach for generating virtual coordinates that produces usable coordinates quickly and improves the routing performance of existing geographic routing algorithms. Starting from a set of initial coordinates derived from a set of elected perimeter nodes, Greedy Embedding Spring Coordinates (GSpring) detects possible dead ends and uses a modified spring relaxation algorithm to i...