background: giardia duodenalis is one of the most important human enteric parasites throughout the world. clinical symptoms of this parasite vary from asymptomatic infection to chronic diarrhea. still it is not clear, whether different types of pathogenesis are due to different strains of organism or to variable host factors. the purpose of this study was to investigate possible correlation of ...

objective: recent studies suggest that intermittent and prolonged normobaric hyperoxia (ho) results in ischemic tolerance to preventing ischemia brain injury. in this research attempts were made to see the changes in excitatory amio-acid transporter 3 (eaat3), tnf-α levels, and nf-κb activity following prolonged and intermittent nbho preconditioning. materials and methods: rats were divided i...

In the present study, the effect of steroidal anti-inflammatory drug betamethasone (0.12, 0.24 mg/kg, i.p. acutely) on striatal glutamate level in Parkinsonian rats was studied using the microdialysis technique. Our results showed significant differences (p

ABSTRACT The Asian traditional medicinal plant Acorus calamus and its component α-asarone exhibited various biological activities, such as antiinflammation antioxidant effects. In the present study, we investigated in vitro effects of A. extract on oxidative stress- endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–induced cell death hippocampal HT22 cells. both significantly suppressed induced by stress induc...

Brain insults are characterized by a multitude of complex processes, of which glutamate release plays a major role. Deleterious excess of glutamate in the brain's extracellular fluids stimulates glutamate receptors, which in turn lead to cell swelling, apoptosis, and neuronal death. These exacerbate neurological outcome. Approaches aimed at antagonizing the astrocytic and glial glutamate recept...

In the physiological condition, glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. However, excessive glutamate can be toxic to retinal neurons by overstimulation of the glutamate receptors. Glutamate excess is primarily attributed to perturbation in the homeostasis of the glutamate metabolism. Major pathway of glutamate metabolism consists of glutamate uptake by glutamate transpor...

BACKGROUND: Glutamate toxicity is involved in several neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of ethanol extract Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces (HS) against glutamate-induced HT-22 cells and anti-aging property Caenorhabditis elegans. METHODS: were pre-treated with HS followed by glutamate evaluated for effe...