In this paper, we point out that the Coulomb’s force and gravitational force on a particle always act in the direction orthogonal to the 4-vector velocity of the particle in 4-dimensional space-time, rather than along the line joining a couple of particles. This inference is obviously supported from the fact that the magnitude of the 4-vector velocity is kept constant.This orthogonal relation t...

In general relativity the gravitational field is a manifestation of spacetime curvature and unlike the electromagnetic field is not a force field. A particle falling in a gravitational field is represented by a geodesic worldline which means that no force is acting on it. If the particle is at rest in a gravitational field, however, its worldline is no longer geodesic and it is subjected to a f...

The gas dynamics equations, coupled with a static gravitational field, admit the hydrostatic balance where the flux produced by the pressure is exactly canceled by the gravitational source term. Many astrophysical problems involve the hydrodynamical evolution in a gravitational field, therefore it is essential to correctly capture the effect of gravitational force in the simulations. Improper t...

We present new weak lensing observations of 1E0657−558 (z = 0.296), a unique cluster merger, that enable a direct detection of dark matter, independent of assumptions regarding the nature of the gravitational force law. Due to the collision of two clusters, the dissipationless stellar component and the fluid-like X-ray emitting plasma are spatially segregated. By using both wide-field ground ba...

The main objective of this article is to explore the duality of strong interaction based on a new field equations of strong interaction. The field equations are derived by applying the principle of interaction dynamics (PID) and principle of representation invariance (PRI) to a standard QCD SU(3) gauge action functional. Intuitively, PID amounts to taking the variation of the action functional ...

Nowadays using of new energies in the form of dispersed resources in the worlds is wide spreading. In this article we will design a dispersed production source in the form of a solar/wind hybrid power plant in order to supply the energy of a residential unit according to a sample load pattern. The aim of aforementioned design is to reduce its costs in a period of 20 years. In order to optimi...

We restrict our attention in this paper to the case where the potential (or force) at a point is a sum of pairwise An algorithm is presented for the rapid evaluation of the potential and force fields in systems involving large numbers of particles interactions. More specifically, we consider potentials of whose interactions are Coulombic or gravitational in nature. For a the form system of N pa...

A fully relativistic modified gravitational theory including a fifth force skew symmetric field is fitted to the Pioneer 10/11 anomalous acceleration. The theory allows for a variation with distance scales of the gravitational constant G, the fifth force skew symmetric field coupling strength ω and the mass of the skew symmetric field μ = 1/λ. A fit to the available anomalous acceleration data ...

Solutions of Einstein’s equations are discussed in which the “gravitational force” is balanced by an electrical force, and which can serve as models for the Cavendish experiment.

clustering is an effective approach for managing nodes in wireless sensor network (wsn). a new method of clustering mechanism with using binary gravitational search algorithm (bgsa) in wsn, is proposed in this paper to improve the energy consumption of the sensor nodes.reducing the energy consumption of sensors in wsnsis the objective of this paper that is through selecting thesub optimum senso...