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From 1965 to 1990, spending on medical care rose from 5.9 to 12.2 percent of gross national product. This rise was the consequence of greatly expanded government and government subsidized private insurance coverage operating in an environment where payments for insured care by and large covered whatever costs were incurred. As a result, the personal consumption of medical care experienced both ...

this article contains an analysis of the iranian, german and austrian law of shares as securities. stocks are issued to the capital market with a view for them to circulate among market participants. iranian legal scholarship has seen a debate on the nature of shares. some classify them as property while other classifies them as obligations. the distinction is of interest because certain rules ...

The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act encourages health information exchange between clinical care and public health through Meaningful Use measures. Meaningful Use specifically identifies objectives to support a number of public health programs including immunizations, cancer registries, syndromic surveillance, and disease case reports. The objective i...

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act includes several provisions that promise to stem the rapidly rising tide of uninsured young adults, one of the largest uninsured segments of the population. These include the ability to enroll in a parent's health plan up to age 26, beginning in September 2010; significant expansion in eligibility for Medicaid, beginning in 2014; and the creation o...

The threshold and constant proportion portfolio insurance (CPPI) strategies are considered for their application in managing defined-contribution (DC) pension plans. The pension plans invest in two types of asset, riskless asset and stocks, or bonds and stocks. When the objective of pension plan is to maximize expected terminal utility that is a function of terminal pension wealth with final wa...

PRIVATE consumer expenditures for medical care amounted to almost. $22 billion in 1962. Approximately $14 billion, or 66 percent of t,he total, represented direct payments by consumers ; the remaining $8 billion was in the form of payments for health insurance. The aggregate amount of the increase from 1961 was almost $1.2 billion or 5.8 percent. Direct payments rose only 2.2 percent, and healt...

A key challenge for evaluators and health system planners is the identification, measurement and valuation of resource use for economic evaluation. Accurately capturing all significant resource use is particularly difficult in the Australian context where there is no comprehensive database from which researchers can draw. Evaluators and health system planners need to consider different approach...