The question of why, in the annual mean, the Northern Hemisphere is warmer than the Southern Hemisphere is addressed, revisiting an 1870 paper by James Croll. We first show that the ocean is warmer than the land in general which, acting alone, would make the Southern Hemisphere warmer because of its greater fraction of ocean. Croll recognized this and thought it was caused by greater humidity a...

Climatological surface wind speed probability density functions (PDFs) estimated from observations are characterized and used to evaluate, for the first time, contemporaneous wind PDFs predicted by a GCM. The observations include NASA’s global Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) dataset, the NCEP/ Department of Energy Global Reanalysis 2 (NCEP-2) 6-hourly reanalysis, and the Tropical Atmosphere Ocea...

We present spectra of Pluto’s anti-Charon hemisphere obtained from the Keck and Subaru telescopes from 2.8 to 4.2 μm. Combined with 1 2.5 μm spectra from the IRTF telescope, this collective data set lets us constrain several surface frost properties. The surface area of pure nitrogen frost (as opposed to nitrogen with dissolved methane) is constrained to be 6% or less. The ratio of pure to dilu...

The full set of high-resolution observations from the Galileo Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) is analyzed to look for spectral trends across the surface of Europa. We provide the first disk-resolved map of the 280 nm SO2 absorption feature and investigate its relationship with sulfur and electron flux distributions as well as with surface features and relative surface ages. Our results have impl...

[1] We use a set of global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation (OAGCM) experiments for timeslices over the Holocene from 9K Yr BP onwards to examine differences in Northern Hemisphere Ground Surface Temperature (GST) and Surface Air Temperature (SAT) trends. The model results are driven mainly by the orbitallyforced changes in seasonal insolation, and in particular, the increase in nor...

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether congenital and clinically quiescent arachnoid cysts (AC) in the left temporal fossa alter the functional organization of adjacent cortices. METHODS fMRI mapping was applied in five right-handed asymptomatic patients to determine the functional organization of language. Moreover, morphometry was performed in each patient to gain the size of cortical surface are...

We report an approach to fabricate dual-faced polystyrene beads (DFPSBs) with trifunctions of tumor cells recognition, drug delivery, and real-time Raman sensing. One-step oxygen-plasma treatment process was used to etch commercially available fluorescent polystyrene beads into a corrugated upper hemisphere and simultaneously change the entire surface with carboxylic groups. After depositing go...

[1] This study shows that the surface buoyancy conditions in the Northern Hemisphere may influence the stratification and transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). We use a course-resolution ocean general circulation model (OGCM) in an idealized single-basin configuration with a circumpolar channel. A decrease in the magnitude of the surface temperature meridional gradient in the No...

Seasonal cycles in the mixing ratios of tropospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) are derived by detrending longterm measurements made at sites across four global surface monitoring networks. The detrended monthly data display large interannual variability, which at some sites challenges the concept of a “mean” seasonal cycle. In the Northern Hemisphere, correlations between polar winter lower stratosph...