There is a growing appreciation for the role of vaccines in confronting the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Vaccines can reduce the prevalence of resistance by reducing the need for antimicrobial use and can reduce its impact by reducing the total number of cases. By reducing the number of pathogens that may be responsible for a particular clinical syndrome, vaccines can permit the u...

AIMS To determine the impact of adverse publicity on MMR uptake and measles susceptibility, including whether vaccination is delayed and the role of deprivation. METHODS A population database for all Scotland containing immunisation records for over one million children (n = 1,079,327) born 1987-2004 was analysed. MMR uptake was determined by birth cohort and deprivation category. "Final" upt...

Antigenically variable RNA viruses are significant contributors to the burden of infectious disease worldwide. One reason for their ubiquity is their ability to escape herd immunity through rapid antigenic evolution and thereby to reinfect previously infected hosts. However, the ways in which these viruses evolve antigenically are highly diverse. Some have only limited diversity in the long-run...

Childhood immunization involves a balance between parents' autonomy in deciding whether to immunize their children and the benefits to public health from mandating vaccines. Ethical concerns about pediatric vaccination span several public health domains, including those of policymakers, clinicians, and other professionals. In light of ongoing developments and debates, we discuss several key eth...

There have been countless columns written about “herd immunity” during and since the COVID-19 pandemic. But what does it take to write a real-life herd? As in herd of domestic cattle, sheep, llama or buffalo? In this article, large-animal-veterinarian-turned medical writer Rhona Fraser draws on her experience as dairy practitioner New Zealand. She highlights aspects production animal health tha...

Measles vaccine cannot give high sero-conversion rates in developing countries. The high birth rates characteristic of these countries lead to infection at a very early age, thus making it difficult to vaccinate before exposure to the disease. Nevertheless, if given early in life, the vaccine can reduce the rate of virus circulation and thus raise the age at which children are infected. Once th...

The inhabitants of St Kilda are well known for their susceptibility to infection. Low herd immunity, limited genetic biodiversity, malnutrition and poor social conditions have been incriminated as the major predisposing factors, but the clinical evidence for the effect of malnutrition and the clinical relevance of the more recent discovery of heavy metal and dioxin pollution on infectious disea...

Animal reservoirs for infectious diseases pose ongoing risks to human populations. In this theory of zoonoses, the introduction event that starts an epidemic is assumed to be independent of all preceding events. However, introductions are often concentrated in communities that bridge the ecological interfaces between reservoirs and the general population. In this paper, we explore how the risks...

BACKGROUND Prior economic evaluations of adult and adolescent vaccination strategies against pertussis have reached disparate conclusions. Using static approaches only, previous studies failed to analytically include the indirect benefits derived from herd immunity as well as the impact of vaccination on the evolution of disease incidence over time. METHODS We assessed the impact of different...