T he ability of the kidneys to regulate extracellular fluid volume by altering sodium excretion is important for maintaining adequate volume within the vascular system. Sodium excretion is controlled by integrating physical, neural, and hormonal regulatory systems. The major systems involved in retaining sodium include the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic systems, whereas natriuret...

Knowledge of normal gonadal hormone production and function provides the basis for understanding the ovarian pathologic effects resulting from perturbations in endocrine balance and feedback. A precisely timed, complex, and well-coordinated cascade of ovarian steroidogenesis accompanies normal cyclical follicular function. This cascade involves both estrogens and androgens. Alterations in the h...

Recently published work and emerging research efforts have suggested that the olfactory system is intimately linked with the endocrine systems that regulate or modify energy balance. Although much attention has been focused on the parallels between taste transduction and neuroendocrine controls of digestion due to the novel discovery of taste receptors and molecular components shared by the ton...

Among multimodality treatments for acromegaly, the goals of surgical intervention are to balance maximal tumor resection while preserving normal pituitary function and maintaining patient safety. The resection of growth hormone-(GH-) secreting pituitary adenomas in the hands of experienced surgeons results in hormonal remission in 50-70% of patients. Acromegalic patients often have medical como...

Ovarian tumors can be induced by a disturb ance of the hormonal balance in animals of several species. Ovaries transplanted in castrated animals to a region drained by the portal system (e.g., spleen, pancreas) become tumorous. The liver partly in activates the estrogens formed by the transplanted ovary. The low level of circulating estrogens re suits in a higher output of pituitary gonadotro p...

Ovarian tumors can be induced by a disturb ance of the hormonal balance in animals of several species. Ovaries transplanted in castrated animals to a region drained by the portal system (e.g., spleen, pancreas) become tumorous. The liver partly in activates the estrogens formed by the transplanted ovary. The low level of circulating estrogens re suits in a higher output of pituitary gonadotro p...

The age-related loss of hormonal balance puts the homeostatic calcium±energy±antioxidant triangle under stress. The energetic compromise enhances b-amyloid protein formation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation, both cellular stress responses, which may give rise to di€use plaque and neuro®brillary tangle formation during normal ageing. Facilitated by a multitude of risk factors (discussed in p...

The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) integrates preautonomic and neuroendocrine control of energy homeostasis, fluid balance, and the stress response. We recently demonstrated that glucocorticoids act via a membrane receptor to rapidly cause endocannabinoid-mediated suppression of synaptic excitation in PVN neurosecretory neurons. Leptin, a major signal of nutritional state, suppresse...

BACKGROUND In the UK, a large proportion of contraceptive services are provided from general practice. However, little is known about which contraceptive services are provided and to whom. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive serial cross-sectional study of women aged 12-55 years, registered with 191 general practices in Scotland, UK between 2004 and 2009. RESULTS Annual incidence of provision o...